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Annual Review on Construction Dispute Resolution in China (2020) (Part 2)——CASE STUDIES

2020.12.04 ZHOU, Xianfeng (Elvis)、WANG, Shuning、YANG,Tianbolun

1. Major Cases in Conventional Construction Engineering


CASE-1:Determination of the Validity of the Contractor's Waiver of the Preemptive Right to the Project Financing Institution


  • FACTS


On 19 April 2013, the Project Financing Bank and the Employer of a Project entered into a Real Estate Loan Contract, providing the Employer with a loan of CNY 138 million for housing development, and the registration formalities for construction in progress and the mortgage of state-owned land use rights have been completed. On the same day, the Contractor, issued a Letter of Commitment to the Project Financing Bank, stating that "We have known that the source of construction funds for the 'JH International Apartment' project of SDZS Co., Ltd. has been fully implemented, and we voluntarily waive the preemptive right to the construction prices".


The Employer did not repay the loan on time and the Project Financing Bank filed a lawsuit with the competent people's court, and the court ruled that the Project Financing Bank enjoyed the preemptive right of compensation for the above mentioned mortgaged property. After the judgment came into effect, the Project Financing Bank applied to the court for enforcement on 13 September 2017.


On 30 March 2015, the Contractor and the Employer filed a lawsuit due to the disputes over the Construction Contract. On 25 June 2015, the Higher People's Court of the province the Project situated issued a Mediation Decision confirming that the parties voluntarily reached a Reconciliation Agreement before the trial, and Article 2.5 of the Reconciliation Agreement stipulated that the Contractor had the preemptive right to payments of the construction prices in the case. Such Mediation Decision had become legally effective.


The Project Financing Bank believed that the Mediation Decision was based on the fact that the Contractor had concealed from the court its waiver of the preemptive right to payments of the construction prices, therefore the content in Article 2.5 of the Mediation Decision that the Contractor was entitled to the preemptive right to construction prices had damaged the legitimate rights and interests of the Project Financing Bank, and the Project Financing Bank filed a lawsuit of a revocation of the third party to the court.


  • ISSUES


First, whether the Commitment Letter in which the Contractor has waived the preemptive right to payments of the construction prices is effective subject to conditions;


Second, whether the content in Article 2.5 of the Mediation Decision regarding the Contractor's preemptive right to construction prices is wrong and has harmed the legal rights of the Project Financing Bank.


  • JUDGMENT


1. Whether the Preemptive Right to Payments of the Construction Prices was Waived Subject to Conditions


The court held that, according to the Commitment Letter, the reason for the Contractor to waive the preemptive right to construction prices was that the Contractor already knew that the source of the project’s construction funds had been fully implemented. According to the Commitment Letter sent from the Employer to the Contractor on 18 April 2013, the Employer expressly promised that the loan will only be used for the progress payment and the settlement payment of the project undertaken by the Contractor in this case. Besides, based on the loan disbursement and account management stipulated in the Real Estate Loan Contract between the Project Financing Bank and the Employer, the Contractor claimed that the Commitment Letter to the Project Financing Bank to waive the preemptive right to construction prices in this case over the mortgage of the Project Financing Bank was a conditional waiver, and the court held that this reason should be justified.


During the actual performance of the Construction Contract and the Real Estate Loan Contract, the Project Financing Bank released the loan of CNY 138 million on a lump-sum basis on 22 May 2013 based on the drawdown application and payment entrustment by the Employer, of which only CNY 5 million was released to the Contractor. Accordingly, the Contractor believed that the conditions for the use of the loan for the construction of the project undertaken by the Contractor had not been fulfilled. Therefore, the Contractor claimed that the conditions of the waiver of the preemptive right to construction prices over the compensation order of the mortgage as stated in the Commitment Letter had not been fulfilled, and this claim was reasonable to the court.


2. With Respect to Article 2.5 of the Mediation Decision


First, with respect to whether the Mediation Decision erred in determining that the Contractor enjoyed the preemptive right to construction prices, the court held that the Commitment Letter issued by the Contractor was only for a specific mortgagee, that is, the Contractor was only expressed its willing to waive its repayment right over the mortgage compensation order to the Project Financing Bank. However, this did not indicate the Contractor’s commitment to waive its priority right of compensation to the Employer. Therefore, it was justified for the Contractor and the Employer to reach a settlement in the litigation of the construction contract dispute, confirming that the Contractor shall have the preemptive right to construction prices and the reasons supporting the claim of the Project Finance Bank that the of Article 2.5 of the Mediation Decision was incorrect should be insufficient.


Second, as to whether Article 2.5 of the Mediation Decision damaged the legitimate rights and interests of the Project Financing Bank, the court held that:


First, the Project Financing Bank had the responsibility to inspect and supervise the use of loans during the loan process and relevant clauses had been stipulated in the Real Estate Loan Contract signed between the Project Financing Bank and the Employer. Based on the reliance on the Project Financing Bank by the Contractor, in the event that the Employer failed to use the loan in full to pay the construction prices of the project in accordance with its commitment, it was reasonable to believe that the conditions for the effectiveness of the Commitment Letter had not been met. Therefore, there was no subjective fault in the Reconciliation Agreement reached between the Contractor and the Employer despite that relevant content was not mentioned in the Commitment Letter. The basis for the Project Financing Bank's claimed that the Contractor intentionally concealed the fact that it had waived the preemptive right to construction prices was insufficient.


Second, the essence of the disputes between the Project Financing Bank and the Contractor regarding the priority right actually was the allocation order of the construction funds in the execution procedure. It is impossible to determine whether the rights and interests of the Project Financing Bank have actually been damaged in the case of unknown implementation results. Therefore, the reasons for the request of the Project Financing Bank to revoke Article 2.5 of the Mediation Decision were insufficient.


OBSERVATIONS


As for the validity of a Contractor's waiver of the preemptive right to construction prices, Article 23 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases Regarding Disputes over Construction Contracts for Construction Projects (II) (hereinafter referred to as the "Judicial Interpretation II on Construction Contracts") provides that "where the employer and the contractor agree on forfeiting or restricting the preemptive right to payments of the construction prices, thus compromising the interests of construction workers, if the employer asserts that the contractor is not entitled to the preemptive right to construction prices on the ground of such agreement, the People's Court shall not uphold". The system of the preemptive right to construction prices is established mainly for protecting the interests of the third parties (such as the construction workers), and according to the opinion of Supreme People's Court, the waiver of the contractor shall not prejudice the interests of the construction workers.


What deserves high attention in this case is the way the Supreme People's Court’s interpretation of the intention of the Contractor to waive the preemptive right to payments of the construction prices. According to the Commitment Letter, on the one hand, the Supreme People's Court determined that the Contractor's commitment to waive the preemptive right to construction prices was only to the Project Financing Bank rather than the Employer. On the other hand, the Supreme People's Court identified the fact that the project loan was actually used as an additional condition precedent for the Contractor to waive the preemptive right to construction prices. The interpretation by the Supreme People's Court of the intention of the Contractor to waive the preemptive right is mainly based on the following facts:


First, the Employer issued a Commitment Letter to the Contractor, expressly guaranteeing that the loan would only be used for the progress payment and the settlement payment of the project in this case. Then on the next day after the Contractor received the Commitment Letter, the Project Financing Bank provided the housing development loan for the project and entered into the Real Estate Loan Contract with the Employer. The Commitment Letter made by the Employer and the consent by the Project Financing Bank of the loan had caused the Contractor to reasonably trust that the funds of the project had been protected. Subject to that, the Contractor was willing to issue the letter to waive the preemptive right to the Project Financing Bank.


Second, in the process of the loan disbursement by the Project Financing Bank, the Project Financing Bank issued CNY 138 million according to the application of the Employer and payment entrustment. However, only CNY 5 million was issued to the Contractor. In view of this, if the Project Financing Bank failed to perform its examination obligations when issuing the loan, or still extended the loan to the Employer despite knowing that the procedure might in violation of relevant laws, then the court's unsupported attitudes to its assertion that the Contractor's waiver of the preemptive right to construction prices was taken effect should be more in line with the principle of good faith.


In any case, the ruling of the Supreme People's Court further responded to the legislative purpose of Article 23 of the Judicial Interpretation II on Construction Contracts from a specific perspective, that is, where the employer and the contractor agreed on forfeiting or restricting the preemptive right to construction prices, thus compromising the interests of construction workers, the People's Court should not support. This may bring new changes to the project financing institutions, employers, contractors and other relevant parties with regard to the issues of preemptive rights to payments of construction prices.


2. Major Cases in EPC Projects


CASE-2: Determination of Re-subcontracting and Illegal Subcontracting of Main Structure under the EPC Model of Industrial Engineering


  • FACTS


The Project Employer and the EPC Contractor entered into an EPC Contract for the construction of the 1 million tons/year Calcium Carbide Power Station on 30 September 2010.


After going through relevant bidding process, the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor, as joint employers, signed the Construction Contract with Construction Contractor on 24 January 2011, which stipulated that the Construction Contractor was responsible for the construction and installation work of the EPC project.


In March 2011, the Construction Contractor and the Subcontractor signed a subcontract (hereinafter referred to as the "Subcontract"), under which the Subcontractor undertook the construction of the project.


On 22 June 2012, the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor required the Construction Contractor to instruct the Subcontractor to exit the site, and the Subcontractor agreed. The Construction Contractor then completed the unfinished part of the construction work of the Subcontractor and passed the completion inspection of the project.


Thereafter, due to the disputes over the price settlement under the Subcontract, the Subcontractor brought a lawsuit to the court, claiming that the Subcontract was invalid, the Construction Contractor provided vouchers for payment of wages and materials, and paid the outstanding construction prices. Besides, the Construction Contractor also alleged that the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor bore joint and several payment liabilities within the scope of the outstanding construction prices, etc.


  • ISSUES


First, whether the Subcontract in this case should be invalid;


Second, whether the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor should bear joint and several liabilities for the repayment.


  • JUDGMENT


1. The Validity of the Subcontract


In this case, the Subcontractor alleged that the Subcontract was invalid because the Construction Contractor had committed a series of illegal subcontracting acts. According to Article 78 of the Regulation on the Quality Management of Construction Projects, the court made the following determination as to whether the Construction Contractor had constituted any of the four illegal subcontracting acts in this case.


First, regarding the question of whether the Construction Contractor had re-subcontracted the project. Since the mode of the EPC Contract in this case is EPC general contracting, the EPC Contractor in this case only had design related qualifications, therefore it could only take charge of the design work rather than the construction work of the project. The Construction Contractor in the project was jointly determined through bidding by the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor, and the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor signed the Construction Contract with the Construction Contractor as joint employers. According to this, the Construction Contractor was in fact obtained the right of general contracting in this project directly from the Project Employer, so the Construction Contractor should be a general contractor rather than a subcontractor. Therefore, the Construction Contractor's subcontracting of the awarded construction project did not violate the prohibitive provisions of the Chinese laws on re-subcontracting.


Second, regarding whether the Construction Contractor had subcontracted the main structure of the project. The court held that, with respect to the whole power station in the calcium carbide project, the operation of unit equipment was the core of the construction work as well as the main purpose under the Construction Contract. The proportion of the cost of the procurement and installation of the equipment unit in this project was also higher than that of the construction project. Therefore, the procurement and installation of unit equipment by the Construction Contractor was the core and the main part of the construction project in this case while the construction work undertaken by the Subcontractor was a subordinate part of the project. Therefore, the Construction Contractor was not in violation of the compulsory provisions of Chinese laws which prohibiting the subcontracting of the main structure of the construction project.


Third, since the Subcontractor had appropriate qualifications and its qualifications had been approved by the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor, the Construction Contractor did not constitute illegal subcontracting of the project to an entity that did not have the corresponding qualifications or illegal subcontracting without the consent of the Project Employer.


In summary, the court determined that the Construction Contractor did not conduct illegal subcontracting, and the Subcontract in this case was the expression of the true intention of both parties, which did not violate the mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations, and should be determined valid.


2. Whether the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor should Bear Joint and Several Liabilities for Repayment


In this case, the court found that the Construction Contractor had overpaid the construction prices under the Subcontract, and the Subcontractor's claim that the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor bore joint and several liabilities within the scope of the accounts payable had no factual basis and thus should not be upheld.


  • OBSERVATIONS


In this case, one of the reasons supporting the Subcontractor's claim that the Construction Contractor constituted illegal subcontracting is that the Construction Contractor should be deemed as the "actual construction party". Therefore, based on Article 26 of the Interpretations of the Supreme People's Court on Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases Regarding Disputes over Construction Contracts for Construction Projects (hereinafter referred to as the "Judicial Interpretation I on Construction Contracts") issued by the Supreme People's Court, the Subcontractor requested that the employer of the upstream contract, namely the Construction Contract, to bear the payment liability to the extent of outstanding construction prices. In this regard and based on the accurate understanding of the characteristics of the EPC model of industrial engineering projects, the court analyzed and judged the issue of whether the Construction Contractor constituted illegal subcontracting.


The power station project of calcium carbide involved in this case is an industrial engineering project. Compared this case with the EPC of normal housing construction, it can be seen that the differences of the EPC of industrial engineering projects are mainly reflected in two aspects; one is that the legal relationship of general contracting and subcontracting is different, and the other is that the definition of "main part" is different.


As for the difference of the legal relationship between the EPC Contractor and the Subcontractor, the main reason is that normally most general contractors of the industrial project is a design unit, and most of the design units do not have relevant construction related qualifications, therefore the construction work can only be completed by subcontracting or consortium. If a subcontracting method is adopted, the legal status of a construction unit shall actually be a subcontractor, and if this subcontractor continues to subcontract relevant professional projects, it is likely that this act will constitute re-subcontracting of projects prohibited by the law. The particularity of this case is that the Project Employer and the EPC Contractor select the Construction Contractor through joint bidding and sign related construction contracts with it, and this indicates that a project management mode similar to EPCM's general contracting is actually adopted based on the above, which solves the risk of the legal status of the Construction Contractor and enable the Construction Contractor to legally carry out the subcontracting. However, under this project management mode, the EPC responsibility of the design unit is relatively weakened, which places higher requirements on the project management capacity of the Construction Contractor.


The difference in the definition of "main part" is a highlight of the trial of this case. The provisions under the Construction Law and the Regulation on the Quality Management of Construction Projects are based on the management system of housing construction projects. Among them, the prohibitions on the subcontracting of "main structure" of construction projects also reflect the characteristics of housing construction projects. However, with respect to industrial engineering projects that mainly focusing on electromechanical equipment, construction is actually in a subsidiary position, and the procurement and installation of electromechanical equipment shall be the main structure of such projects. In this way, it is obviously unreasonable to simply recognize the construction as the "main structure" of industrial engineering projects and to prohibit subcontracting. According to relevant statistics on existing cases, in this case, the Supreme People's Court was, for the first time in its judgment, extending the interpretation of the "main structure" stipulated by laws as the "main part" and identified that the procurement and installation of mechanical and electrical equipment in industrial engineering projects shall be "main part of project". This is of great significance for solving how to accurately identify the "main structure" of industrial engineering projects in practice and then correctly handle the issues of illegal sub-contracting of "main structure".


CASE-3: Exercising the Right of Terminating the EPC Contract and Claiming the Settlement Right


  • FACTS


On 4 February 2013, the Employer and the Contractor of an EPC Project entered into the EPC Contract, which adopts a fixed lump sum.


The EPC Contract provides that if the Employer fails to give any modification opinions or reply within 30 days upon receipt of the Completion Settlement Report and complete completion settlement materials submitted by the Contractor, it shall be deemed that the Employer has recognized such completion settlement materials as final completion settlement materials. Meanwhile, it is stipulated in the Particular Conditions that the Interim Measures for Construction Project Price Settlement shall be applied. The Particular Conditions also provide the causes, notification procedure and consequences of termination of the contract by the Contractor.


Thereafter, due to the Employer failed to make the due payments, open the letter of credit for equipment prices, or perform the obligations to amend the payment guarantee, on 15 June 2015, the Contractor issued a written notice to the Employer for terminating the EPC Contract in accordance with the notice and time limit requirements in the contract.


On 30 October 2015, the Contractor submitted Statements on the Implementation of Subcontracting, Statements on the Implementation of Engineering Design, Statements on the Implementation of Supplying Equipment and Materials, Statements on the Implementation of Special Projects and the Settlement Report to the Employer. The Settlement Report covers three aspects including completed works, variations and losses due to three-time suspension. The Settlement Report includes the Summary Sheet of Contract Completion Status, which records the completion percentages of the engineering and equipment fee, and the quantity of completed construction and installation work signed and acknowledged by the supervision institution and the Employer. Subsequently, the Contractor provides the Employer with on-site inventory information by e-mail(s) and notarizes the same. On 26 February 2016, the Contractor issued a letter to the Employer claiming the preemptive right to construction prices. Before filing the lawsuit, the Contractor also requested the preservation of evidence with respect to the relevant site.


  • ISSUES


First, whether the EPC Contract has been terminated as claimed by the Contractor;


Second, whether the provision that "failure to reply within the time limit shall be deemed as recognition of the completion settlement" can be applied to the price settlement after the termination of the EPC Contract;


Third, the commencement date of the preemptive right to construction prices by the Contractor.


  • JUDGMENT


1. Whether the EPC Contract has been terminated as claimed by the Contractor


In this case, the court held that the Employer had breached the contract, and the Contractor was entitled to exercise the termination right in accordance with the relevant contractual provisions. Moreover, the Contractor had performed the obligation to notify the termination of the contract. After receiving the termination notice, though the Employer did not agree on the termination, it did not take any remedial measures for the defaults, nor bring a lawsuit in accordance with the law. Therefore, the court upheld the Contractor's claim that the contract had been lawfully terminated.


2. Whether the provision that "failure to reply within the time limit shall be deemed as recognition of the completion settlement" can be applied to the price settlement after the termination of the EPC Contract


In this case, the court held that the stipulation that “failure to reply within the time limit by the Contractor shall be deemed as the ratification of the completion settlement in the EPC Contract” was clear and binding. Article 20 of the Judicial Interpretation I on Construction Contracts provides that "where the parties stipulate that the employer shall be deemed to have ratified the documents on completion settlement if making no reply within the stipulated period after receipt of the documents on completion settlement. The matter shall be handled pursuant to the contractual stipulations. The contractor's request for settling the construction prices in accordance with the documents on completion settlement shall be upheld".


The court held that in this case, although the project concerned had not been completed due to the termination of the EPC Contract, the above provisions could be referred to for payment settlement. Since the Employer did not give any opinion on the Settlement Report within 30 days as set out in the General Conditions of the EPC Contract or within 60 days as stipulated by the Interim Measures for Construction Project Price Settlement, it should be deemed that the Employer had ratified the Contractor's Settlement Report. Meanwhile, as the project concerned in this case was not completed or having conditions for preparing the completion settlement materials, the court did not uphold the Employer's defense on the ground that the Contractor did not meet the payment conditions for its failure to submit the completion settlement materials.


3. The commencement date of the preemptive right to construction prices by the Contractor


Article 22 of the Judicial Interpretation II on Construction Contracts provides that “the period for a contractor to exercise the right for preemptive right to construction prices shall be six months, commencing from the date on which the construction project price becomes payable by the employer”.


In this case, after considering the provisions regarding payment term in the EPC Contract and the facts regarding handover and settlement after the termination of the EPC Contract, the court ruled that the payable date was the date of filing the suit and identified this date as the commencement date for the Contractor to exercise the preemptive right to the construction prices. The scope of the preemptive right included all outstanding payments for the completed works and payments for the variations.


  • OBSERVATIONS


EPC contracts for industry construction typically consist of various components, such as design, equipment procurement, civil installation and construction, commissioning, etc., which bear different characteristics. Not only the pricing rules are significantly different among these components, but also the status during the performance of contract is more diversified. In particular, the procurement of non-standard equipment often requires going through multiple stages such as factory manufacturing, transportation en route, on-site storage, and installation in progress and installation completion. These characteristics make the settlement and dispute resolution of industry EPC contracts that have been terminated more complicated than conventional construction contracts.


In this case, it is worthy of noting that the court did not habitually rely on the construction cost appraisal institution to handle the settlement work after the termination of the EPC Contract, but on the basis of fully investigating the facts, the court applied by analogy the relevant provisions in the EPC Contract that “the failure of the Employer to make a reply within the time limit are deemed as ratifying the completion settlement” to the settlement after the termination of the contract. Not only does it efficiently solve complicated settlement dispute, but also provides valuable judicial practice for Article 20 of the Judicial Interpretation I on Construction Contracts to be applied more broadly. 


3.  Major Cases in Overseas Construction Projects


CASE-4: Identification of Independent Guarantee Fraud Exceptions and Force Majeure


  • Facts


On 29 July 2009, the EPC Contractor and the Subcontractor signed the Undertaking Agreement, under which the projects located in two places in Libyan. The respective provisional contract prices were approximately CNY 2.2 billion and CNY 3.7 billion. Pursuant to the provisions in the Undertaking Agreement, the Subcontractor should apply to the a bank, i.e. the Bond Issuer for the issuance of five advance payment guarantees and two performance guarantees, and the beneficiary of all the guarantees was the EPC Contractor.


On 24 January 2011, the EPC Contractor and the Subcontractor jointly applied to the Counsellor's Office in Libya for issuance of the supporting documents. On 27 January 2011, the Counselor's Office in Libya issued two opinions, stating that the total amount of completed quantity for the two projects concerned in this case in 2010 was approximately CNY 2.67 billion.


In February 2011, due to the Libya civil war, the Chinese citizens evacuated, and the projects concerned suspended. Thereafter, the Bond Issuer rejected the requirement for calling the guarantees by the EPC Contractor on the ground that the suspension was caused by force majeure and the Subcontractor had not committed defaults.


In 2015, the EPC Contractor filed a lawsuit in Higher People's Court of the province the Bond Issuer situated by naming the Bond Issuer as the defendant and the Subcontractor as the third party, claiming the Bond Issuer making the payment of the total amount of about CNY 588 million under the five advance payment guarantees and the amount of about CNY 118 million under the two performance guarantees.


On 7 March 2016, People's Court of the city the Subcontractor situated ruled to accept and hear the application for reorganization filed by the Subcontractor. On 22 November 2016, the EPC Contractor filed a lawsuit for confirmation of common claims in bankruptcy, naming the Subcontractor as the defendant and the Bond Issuer as the third party, claiming confirmation of the entitlement to the matured claims in bankruptcy and the interests against the Subcontractor. The court of last instance ruled to rescind the Undertaking Contract and rejected other claims of the EPC Contractor. The reference of final judgement is (2018) Zhe 10 Min Zhong No.1355 (hereinafter referred to as the "Judgment No.1355").


  • ISSUES


First, whether the call of performance guarantees by the EPC Contractor constitutes fraud;


Second, whether the call of advance payment guarantees by the EPC Contractor constitutes fraud.


  • JUDGMENT


1. Whether the call of performance guarantees by the EPC Contractor constitutes fraud


Article 34 of the Undertaking Agreement explicitly stipulates that if the project is delayed or other liabilities are caused by force majeure or the employer, the EPC Contractor and the Subcontractor shall be exempted from liability, and take measures to reduce losses jointly.


The court held that the Judgment No.1355 has already identified that the evacuation of the Subcontractor and the EPC Contractor from the projects was due to Libyan civil war, and the Subcontractor was unable to perform the contract due to force majeure and did not commit a breach of contract. It was known and clear to the EPC Contractor that it was not entitled to demand payments under the guarantees. In such case, the EPC Contractor's insistence on requiring the Bond Issuer to honor the performance guarantees on the grounds of defaulting by the Subcontractor lacked good faith and constituted abuse of claim right, which fell into "other circumstances in which the beneficiary abuses it right with the knowledge that it has no right to demand payment" as set forth in Paragraph 5 of Article 12 of the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Trial of Independent Guarantees Dispute Cases (hereinafter to referred to as the "Judicial Interpretation on Independent Guarantees").


2. Whether the call of advance payment guarantees by the EPC Contractor constitutes fraud


The court held that the amount of construction payment that could be ascertained according to the Judgment No. 1355 was not less than CNY 2,669.5 million, which was higher than the amount of advance payment made by the EPC Contractor for the works. The facts indicated that the advance payment had been used for the works and the Subcontractor had not improperly appropriate this part of payment, namely it had no obligation to the EPC Contractor to return the advance payment.


The identification of the work quantity was the main fact identified by the effective judgment. The effective court judgment identified that the Subcontractor as the debtor of the underlying transaction had no payment liability, which constituted the circumstance "identified by the court judgment or arbitral award that the debtor of the underlying transaction is not liable for payment or compensation" in Paragraph 3 of Article 12 of the Judicial Interpretation on Independent Guarantee.


  • OBSERVATIONS


Apart from the application of independent guarantee fraud exception, this case also involves a series of cross-border legal issues, such as the identification of war and force majeure and the handling of their consequences, the legal proceeding connections among construction contract dispute, guarantee fraud dispute, and confirmation of common claims in bankruptcy, and the probative value of evidence from abroad. This case is of great reference value to the settlement of construction disputes under the background of the Belt and Road.


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